Ukuxinana kweZibuko zeHlabathi kuMandundu kwiindawo ezininzi, kuncitshiswa ukuhanjiswa kwempahla kwaye kunyuse iindleko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla

【Ingxelo eNzulu yeNethiwekhi yeHlabathi】Ukususela kwikota yesithathu ka-2025, ingxaki yokuxinana kwiindawo zokuthumela imithwalo kwihlabathi liphela iqhubekile nokuwohloka. Amazibuko amakhulu aquka uMbindi Mpuma, iIndiya, iAfrika, iYurophu, kunye noMntla Melika axele iingxaki ngokulandelelana ezifana neenqanawa ezime emgceni ukuze zifike kwindawo yokulala kunye nokubanjwa kwemithwalo ixesha elide. Xa zidityaniswe nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziquka iingxabano zezopolitiko kunye namaxesha okuthunyelwa kwemithwalo aphezulu, uzinzo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla kwihlabathi liphela lujongene nemingeni enzima.

Njengeendawo eziphambili zorhwebo lwehlabathi, amazibuko aziwayo afana neShanghai, iNingbo, iSingapore, iLos Angeles/Long Beach, iAntwerp, kunye neRotterdam abe ngawokuqala ukuchaphazeleka, kwaye isiphumo sokuxinana kwezithuthi siye sasasazeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Idatha ibonisa ukuba iYurophu ibe yindawo echaphazeleke kakhulu kukuxinana kweenqanawa. Kwi-RWG Terminal yePort of Rotterdam eNetherlands, ixesha lokulinda ezinye iinqanawa ukuba zifike enqanaweni lifikelele kwiiyure ezingama-350.83 (malunga neentsuku ezili-14.6). Kwii-hub ports ezifana neHamburg Port eJamani kunye neAntwerp Port eBelgium, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kunye neendlela zokufuduka ezivalekileyo ngaphakathi elizweni, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokulinda iinqanawa ukuba zifike enqanaweni lidla ngokuba ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-40, kwaye umrhumo ophezulu wemihla ngemihla udlula iidola ezingama-30,000 zaseMelika. Zichatshazelwe yingxaki yoLwandle oluBomvu, inani elikhulu leenqanawa liye lanyanzeleka ukuba lijikele eCape of Good Hope eAfrika, landisa uhambo ngeentsuku ezili-14 xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokuqala, eye yonyusa umthwalo wokusebenza kwee-european ports. Iinkampani ezinkulu zokuthumela imithwalo ezifana neMediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) zibeke irhafu eyongezelelweyo yexesha lonyaka kwiindlela zaseAsia-Europe, kunye namaxabiso emithwalo kwezinye iindlela enyuka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-73%.

Imeko yokuxinana eMantla Melika imbi ngokufanayo. Njengeendawo eziphambili kuNxweme oluseNtshona eMelika, iPort of Los Angeles kunye nePort of Long Beach zihlala zibona iinqanawa zilinde ukukhwela inqanawa ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezisi-7 ngexesha leeholide ezixakekileyo. Ezi zibuko zimbini, eziphatha ngaphezulu kwe-40% yeempahla ezingeniswa eMelika, ziye zajongana neengxaki zokuxinana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yokungabi namandla ngokwaneleyo koololiwe kunye nonxibelelwano olubi nothutho oluhambayo. Ixesha lokubanjwa koololiwe kwiindawo ezifana neVancouver kunye neMontreal eCanada lifikelele kwiintsuku ezisi-9, nto leyo ethintela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhamba kwemithwalo.

Amazibuko aseAsia, eMbindi Mpuma, naseAfrika nawo ajongene nemingeni yokuxinana kwempahla eneempawu ezahlukileyo. Ngenxa yokuthintelwa ziziseko zophuhliso ezindala kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokususwa kwempahla, amazibuko afana neMumbai neChennai eIndiya asabona iinqanawa zilinde iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-7 nangona zingaxakekanga. KwiDurban Port eMzantsi Afrika nakwiLagos Port eNigeria, ukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kweeyadi kukhokelele kwixesha eliphakathi lokubanjwa kwempahla yokuthutha impahla kwiizibuko zaseAfrika. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokulinda iinqanawa kwiChittagong Port eBangladesh ziintsuku ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-9, kwaye imisebenzi yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe ithintelwe kakhulu kukungakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle.

Izinto ezibangela uluntu ziye zandisa ngakumbi impembelelo yokuxinana. Kutshanje, ukuqhankqalaza kweechweba eRotterdam, ePortugal, naseMexico kuye kwathintela ngokuthe ngqo ukukhululwa kwemveliso, ngelixa ukuqhankqalaza okuqhubekayo kuzwelonke eBelgium kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuya kuyenza mandundu ingxinano eAntwerp Port.

Ukungaqiniseki ekukhetheni iindlela kongeze izinto eziguquguqukayo kwimeko yokuxinana kwexesha elizayo. Okwangoku, akukacaci nokuba iinkampani zokuthutha ziya kuyishiya nini na indlela ejikeleze iCape of Good Hope. Nangona kunjalo, eli shishini ngokubanzi likholelwa ukuba ukuba inani elikhulu leenqanawa libuyela kwindlela yesiqhelo yaseSuez Canal, nangona kuya kunciphisa ixesha lokuhamba kwaye kunciphise umjikelo wokufika kweenqanawa nganye, kunokubangela ukuba iinqanawa ezazisasazeke ekuqaleni ziqokelelene kumazibuko, nto leyo ebeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya esele zixinene kakhulu eYurophu naseAsia.

Ukuxinana kweechweba kwihlabathi liphela kubangelwa zizinto ezininzi ezihambelanayo: ukwanda komthamo wemithwalo obangelwa lixesha lorhwebo lwehlabathi kudlule amandla okuphatha amanye amachweba; iziseko zophuhliso eziphelelwe lixesha kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo kwezinye amachweba kukhokelele ekusebenzeni okuphantsi; ukuphambuka kwendlela okubangelwa ziingxabano zezopolitiko kuye kwabeka amachweba kwimisebenzi exineneyo; kunye nempembelelo yeengxamiseko ezifana nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kunye nemozulu embi, ekugqibeleni kwenze umjikelo ombi “wokumisa imigca yeenqanawa – ukusilela kweyadi – ukwehla kokusebenza kakuhle”.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona ixesha lokulinda iinqanawa kwamanye amazibuko lifutshane kwiiveki zakutshanje, oku kungenxa yokwehla kancinci kwemfuno yokuthunyelwa kweenqwelo-moya endaweni yokuphucuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwezibuko. Ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwamazibuko kusaphazamisekile kakhulu. Kulo nyaka, ubungakanani beenqanawa ezime emgceni kumazibuko amaninzi bufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye imeko yokuxinana kweenqanawa inokuqhubeka nokuba mandundu kunyaka olandelayo, ingakumbi ukuba abathwali beenqwelo-moya babuyela kwindlela yeSuez Canal kunye.

Ijongene nomceli mngeni wokuxinana okuqhubekayo, iinkampani zokuthutha imithwalo kunye nabathumeli batshintsha ngokukhutheleyo amaqhinga abo okuphendula, kuquka ukutshintshela kwezinye iizibuko, ukulungiselela ukuthunyelwa ngexesha elingekho ngxakeko, ukusasaza iindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya, kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela zokuthutha ezininzi ezifana “nothutho phakathi kweendlela zokuthutha imithwalo” ukuze kuncitshiswe iingozi. Eli shishini liqikelela ukuba ngokukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwemfuno yokuthunyelwa ngexesha leKrisimesi yaseYurophu naseMelika, kunye nokulungiswa komthamo wezinye iizibuko ngexesha lotshintsho lwe-automation, uxinzelelo lokuxinana kweenqanawa kwihlabathi liphela lunokuhlala kude kube sekuqaleni kuka-2026, kwaye iindleko zokuthunyelwa ziya kuhlala zikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ukuxinana kweenqanawa ngokungathandabuzekiyo kube ngomnye wemingeni eqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla kwihlabathi liphela.

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