Kuzara kweZviteshi zvePasi Pose Kwawedzera Kuipa Munzvimbo Dzakasiyana-siyana, Kuderedza Kuwanda Kwezvinhu Zvinotengeswa uye Kuwedzera Mari Yekutumira Zvinhu
【Global Network Comprehensive Report】Kubva muchikamu chechitatu chegore ra2025, dambudziko rekuzara kwezviteshi zvekutakura zvinhu pasi rose rakaramba richiderera. Zviteshi zvikuru zvekutakura zvinhu kuMiddle East, India, Africa, Europe, neNorth America zvakagara zvichirondedzera matambudziko akadai sengarava dziri mumutsara kuti dzimire uye kuvharirwa kwenguva refu kwemidziyo. Pamwe chete nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye mwaka wekutakura zvinhu, kugadzikana kwecheni yekutakura zvinhu pasi rose kuri kutarisana nematambudziko akakomba.
Senzvimbo huru dzekutengeserana pasi rose, zviteshi zvinozivikanwa zvakaita seShanghai, Ningbo, Singapore, Los Angeles/Long Beach, Antwerp, neRotterdam ndizvo zvakatanga kukanganiswa, uye kuzara kwemvura kwapararira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Data rinoratidza kuti Europe ndiyo yave nzvimbo inonyanya kukanganiswa nekuzara kwezvikepe. PaRWG Terminal yePort of Rotterdam muNetherlands, nguva yekumirira zvikepe kuti zvimire yasvika maawa 350.83 (anenge mazuva 14.6). Kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seHamburg Port muGermany neAntwerp Port muBelgium, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwevashandi uye nzira dzakavharika dzekubuda muzvikepe, avhareji yenguva yekumirira zvikepe kuti zvimire inowanzopfuura maawa makumi mana, nemari yepamusoro yezuva nezuva inodarika madhora zviuru makumi matatu eUS. Vakanganiswa nedambudziko reRed Sea, nhamba huru yezvikepe yakamanikidzwa kutenderera kuCape of Good Hope muAfrica, vachiwedzera rwendo nemazuva gumi nemana zvichienzaniswa nenzira yekutanga, izvo zvakawedzera mutoro wekushanda kwezvikepe zveEurope. Makambani makuru ekutakura zvinhu akadai seMediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) akaisa mari yekuwedzera mwaka panzira dzeAsia-Europe, nemitengo yekutakura zvinhu padzimwe nzira ichikwira ne73%.
Kuzara kwevanhu muNorth America kwakaipawo. Senzvimbo huru dziri kuUS West Coast, Port of Los Angeles nePort of Long Beach zvinowanzoona ngarava dzakamirira kusvika pachiteshi kwemazuva anopfuura manomwe munguva dzekupisa. Zviteshi zviviri izvi, zvinotakura zvinhu zvinodarika 40% zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika muUS, zvagara zvichisangana nematambudziko ekuzara kwevanhu nekuda kwekusakwana kwechitima uye kusabatana zvakanaka nekutakura vanhu munyika. Nguva yekuvharirwa kwechitima pazviteshi zvakaita seVancouver neMontreal muCanada yasvika mazuva mapfumbamwe, zvichikanganisa zvakanyanya kufamba kwemotokari.
Zviteshi zvengarava muAsia, Middle East, neAfrica zvinosanganawo nematambudziko ekuzara kwemidziyo ine hunhu hwakasiyana. Zvichidziviswa nezvivakwa zvekare uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemitero, zviteshi zvengarava zvakaita seMumbai neChennai muIndia zvichiri kuona ngarava dzichimirira kwemazuva anopfuura manomwe kunyangwe munguva dzisiri dzenguva refu. KuDurban Port muSouth Africa neLagos Port muNigeria, kusakwana kwenzvimbo dzekutakura zvinhu zvakaita kuti pave nenguva yekuchengetwa kwemidziyo yekutakura zvinhu kubva kuAfrica kwemazuva manomwe kusvika gumi nemanomwe. Nguva yekumirira yengarava kuChittagong Port muBangladesh mazuva matanhatu kusvika mapfumbamwe, uye mabasa ekutakura zvinhu kunze kwenyika akaganhurirwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka.
Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nevanhu zvakawedzera kuzara kwevanhu. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kurohwa kwezviteshi zvengarava muRotterdam, Portugal, neMexico kwakakanganisa zvakananga kuburitswa kwezvibereko, ukuwo kurohwa kuri kuitwa munyika yese muBelgium kungangowedzera kuwanda kwevanhu muAntwerp Port.
Kusava nechokwadi pakusarudzwa kwenzira kwawedzera mamiriro ekuzara kwengarava mune ramangwana. Parizvino, hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kana makambani ekutakura zvinhu achasiya nzira iyi yakatenderedza Cape of Good Hope uye rini. Zvisinei, indasitiri iyi inotenda kuti kana ngarava dzakawanda dzikadzokera kunzira yeSuez Canal, kunyangwe zvichizopfupisa nguva yekufambisa uye kuderedza kutenderera kwekusvika kwengarava imwe neimwe, zvinogona kukonzera kuti ngarava dzaive dzakapararira dziungane pazviteshi, zvichiisa kumanikidzwa kukuru pazviteshi zvakatove zvakazara muEurope neAsia.
Kuwanda kwezviteshi zvengarava pasi rose kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinopindirana: kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotakura zvinhu nekuda kwemwaka wekutengeserana kwepasi rose kwapfuura kugona kwezvimwe zviteshi zvengarava; zvivakwa zvekare uye kusakwana kwezvishandiso zvemagetsi mune zvimwe zviteshi kwakaita kuti pave nekusashanda zvakanaka; kutsauka kwenzira kunokonzerwa nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaita kuti zviteshi zvive zvakawandisa; pamwe chete nekukanganiswa kwenjodzi dzakadai sekushaikwa kwevashandi nemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti pave ne “kumira mumitsetse yengarava – kusashanda zvakanaka kweyadhi – kudzikira kwekushanda zvakanaka”.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyangwe nguva yekumirira ngarava padzimwe nzvimbo dzekutakura ngarava yakapfupika mumavhiki apfuura, izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuderera kwezvinodiwa zvengarava pane kuvandudzika kukuru mukushanda zvakanaka kwechiteshi. Kushanda kwese kwenzvimbo dzekutakura ngarava kuchiri kukanganiswa zvakanyanya. Gore rino, huwandu hwengarava dziri mumitsetse padzimwe nzvimbo dzekutakura ngarava hwasvika pakakwirira, uye mamiriro ekuzara kwengarava anogona kuramba achiipa gore rinouya, kunyanya kana vatakuri vakadzokera pamwe chete kunzira yeSuez Canal.
Vachitarisana nedambudziko rekuzara kwezviteshi, makambani ekutakura zvinhu nevanotumira zvinhu vari kugadzirisa nzira dzavo dzekupindura, kusanganisira kuchinja kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutakura zvinhu, kuronga zvinhu zvinotumirwa panguva dzisiri dzenguva refu, kuisa matura ekuchengetera zvinhu kunze kwenyika, uye kushandisa nzira dzekutakura zvinhu dzakawanda dzakadai se “sea-rail intermodal transport” kuderedza njodzi. Indasitiri iyi inofanotaura kuti nekuburitswa kwezvinodiwa zvekutakura zvinhu panguva yeKisimusi yeEurope neAmerica, pamwe chete nekugadziriswa kwesimba rezvimwe zviteshi panguva yekuchinja kwe otomatiki, kumanikidzwa kwehuwandu hwezviteshi zvekutakura zvinhu pasi rose kunogona kuramba kuripo kusvika kutanga kwa2026, uye mari yekutumira zvinhu icharamba iri padanho repamusoro. Kuzara kwezviteshi zvekutakura zvinhu pasina mubvunzo kwave chimwe chezvinetso zvakanyanya mukushanda kwecheni yepasi rose yekugovera zvinhu.
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