Ukuminyana Kwechweba Lomhlaba Wonke Kuya Kubi Ezifundeni Eziningana, Kunciphisa Uchungechunge Lokunikezwa Kwempahla Futhi Kukhuphula Izindleko Zokuthumela

【Umbiko Ophelele Wenethiwekhi Yomhlaba Wonke】Kusukela kwikota yesithathu ka-2025, inkinga yokuminyana ezindaweni zokuthumela izimpahla emhlabeni wonke iqhubekile nokuwohloka. Amachweba amakhulu ahlanganisa iMpumalanga Ephakathi, iNdiya, i-Afrika, iYurophu, kanye neNyakatho Melika abike izinkinga ngokulandelana njengemikhumbi eme emgqeni wokufaka izimpahla kanye nokuboshwa kwemithwalo okweluliwe. Kuhlanganiswe nezimo eziningi ezihlanganisa izingxabano zezwe kanye nezinkathi zokuthumela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuzinza kochungechunge lokunikezwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu.

Njengezindawo eziyinhloko zokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, amachweba adumile njengeShanghai, iNingbo, iSingapore, iLos Angeles/Long Beach, i-Antwerp, neRotterdam abe ngawokuqala ukuthintwa, futhi umphumela wokuminyana usabalale ezindaweni eziningi.

Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi iYurophu isibe yindawo ethinteke kakhulu ngenxa yokuminyana kwechweba. Esikhumulweni semikhumbi i-RWG sePort of Rotterdam eNetherlands, isikhathi sokulinda imikhumbi ethile ukuthi ifike echwebeni sifinyelele emahoreni angu-350.83 (cishe izinsuku ezingu-14.6). Ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi ezifana neHamburg Port eJalimane kanye ne-Antwerp Port eBelgium, ngenxa yokushoda kwabasebenzi kanye neziteshi zokuthutha ezivalekile ezweni, isikhathi esimaphakathi sokulinda imikhumbi ukuthi ifike echwebeni ngokuvamile sidlula amahora angu-40, kanti imali ephezulu yosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi idlula amadola aseMelika angu-30,000. Njengoba ithintekile yinkinga yoLwandle Olubomvu, inani elikhulu lemikhumbi liye laphoqeleka ukuthi lijikele eCape of Good Hope e-Afrika, landisa uhambo ngezinsuku ezingu-14 uma kuqhathaniswa nomzila wokuqala, oye wandisa umthwalo wokusebenza kwamachweba aseYurophu. Izinkampani ezinkulu zokuthumela njengeMediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) zibeke izimali ezengeziwe zesizini emizileni yase-Asia-Europe, kanti amanani empahla kwezinye izindlela akhuphuka ngo-73%.

Isimo sokuminyana eNyakatho Melika sibi kakhulu. Njengezindawo eziyinhloko oGwini olusentshonalanga lwase-US, iTheku laseLos Angeles kanye neTheku laseLong Beach zivame ukubona imikhumbi ilinde ukufika isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezi-7 ngezikhathi zonyaka ezimatasa. Lawa machweba amabili, aphatha izimpahla ezingaphezu kuka-40% ezingeniswe e-US, abhekane nezinkinga zokuminyana ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla esitimela kanye nokuxhumana okungekuhle kwezokuthutha zangaphakathi nezwe. Isikhathi sokuvalelwa kwezitimela emachwebeni afana neVancouver neMontreal eCanada sifinyelele ezinsukwini ezingu-9, okuphazamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuhamba kwempahla.

Amachweba ase-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nase-Afrika nawo abhekene nezinselele zokuminyana okunezici ezihlukile. Njengoba evinjelwe yingqalasizinda esidala kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhishwa kwentela okuphansi, amachweba afana neMumbai neChennai eNdiya asabona imikhumbi ilinde izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-7 ngisho nangezikhathi ezingezona ezimatasa kakhulu. E-Durban Port eNingizimu Afrika naseLagos Port eNigeria, ukunganele komthamo wamagceke kuholele esikhathini esimaphakathi sokuboshwa kwezinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-17 zemithwalo yokuthutha echwebeni lase-Afrika. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokulinda imikhumbi eChittagong Port eBangladesh siyizinsuku ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-9, kanti imisebenzi yokulayisha impahla kwamanye amazwe ivinjelwe kakhulu yizithiyo zokusebenza kahle.

Izici zabantu ziye zandisa kakhulu umphumela wokuminyana. Muva nje, iziteleka zasechwebeni eRotterdam, ePortugal, naseMexico ziye zaphazamisa ngqo ukukhululwa komkhiqizo, kuyilapho isiteleka esiqhubekayo ezweni lonke eBelgium kungenzeka sibhebhethekise ukuminyana e-Antwerp Port.

Ukungaqiniseki ekukhetheni imizila kuye kwanezela izinguquko esimweni sokuminyana kwesikhathi esizayo. Okwamanje, akukacaci ukuthi izinkampani zokuthumela izimpahla zizowushiya nini umzila ozungeze iCape of Good Hope nokuthi zizowushiya nini. Kodwa-ke, imboni ngokuvamile ikholelwa ukuthi uma inani elikhulu lemikhumbi libuyela emzileni wendabuko waseSuez Canal, yize kuzonciphisa isikhathi sokuhamba futhi kunciphise umjikelezo wokufika kwemikhumbi ngayinye, kungabangela ukuthi imikhumbi eyayihlakazekile ekuqaleni ihlangane emachwebeni, okubeka ingcindezi enkulu ezindaweni zokugcina imikhumbi esezigcwele kakhulu eYurophu nase-Asia.

Ukuminyana kwemikhumbi emhlabeni wonke kuwumphumela wezinto eziningi ezihambisanayo: ukwanda kwenani lemithwalo elibangelwa yisikhathi sokuhweba esiphezulu emhlabeni wonke kudlule amandla okuphatha amanye amachweba; ingqalasizinda esiphelelwe yisikhathi kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini kwamanye amachweba kuholele ekusebenzeni okuphansi; ukuphambuka kwemizila okubangelwa yizingxabano zezwe kuye kwafaka amachweba emisebenzini egcwele ngokweqile; kuhlangene nomthelela wezimo eziphuthumayo ezifana nokuntuleka kwabasebenzi kanye nesimo sezulu esibi, ekugcineni kwakha umjikelezo omubi “wokumisa imikhumbi emgqeni – ukusilela kwemingcele – ukwehla kokusebenza kahle”.

Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba isikhathi sokulinda imikhumbi kwamanye amachweba sifushane emasontweni amuva nje, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kancane kancane kwesidingo sokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi kunokuba kube nokuthuthuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwechweba. Ukusebenza okuphelele kwamachweba kusaphazamiseka kakhulu. Kulo nyaka, izinga lokumiswa kwemikhumbi emachwebeni amaningi lifinyelele phezulu kakhulu, futhi isimo sokuminyana singase siqhubeke nokuwohloka ngonyaka ozayo, ikakhulukazi uma izinkampani zokuthutha zibuyela ndawonye emzileni weSuez Canal.

Njengoba bebhekene nenselele yokuminyana okuqhubekayo, izinkampani zokuthumela izimpahla kanye nabathumeli bashintsha ngenkuthalo amasu abo okuphendula, okuhlanganisa ukushintshela kwezinye izindawo zokuthutha izimpahla, ukuhlela ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ngezikhathi ezingezona ezesikhathi esimatasa, ukusebenzisa izindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle, kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhamba ezisebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezifana “nokuthuthwa kwesitimela phakathi kwezitimela” ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi. Imboni ibikezela ukuthi ngokukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ngezikhathi zikaKhisimusi zaseYurophu naseMelika, kuhlanganiswe nokulungiswa kwamandla kwezinye izindawo zokuthutha ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kokuzenzakalelayo, ingcindezi yokuminyana kwezimpahla emhlabeni wonke ingaqhubeka kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-2026, futhi izindleko zokuthumela zizohlala zisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuminyana kwezimpahla ngokungangabazeki kube ngenye yezinselelo eziqhubekayo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kweketanga lokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.

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