Ubucucike bw’ibyambu ku isi buriyongera mu turere twinshi, bugabanya imiyoboro y’ibicuruzwa kandi bugatuma ibiciro byo kohereza ibicuruzwa byiyongera

【Raporo Irambuye y’Umuyoboro Mpuzamahanga】Kuva mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2025, ikibazo cy’ubucucike ku bibuga by’ubwikorezi ku isi cyakomeje kwangirika. Ibyambu bikomeye byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, Ubuhinde, Afurika, Uburayi, na Amerika ya Ruguru byagiye bitanga raporo ku bibazo nk’amato ahora ku murongo kugira ngo ajye aho ahagarara ndetse no gufunga imizigo igihe kirekire. Hamwe n’ibintu byinshi birimo amakimbirane ya politiki n’ibihe by’ubwikorezi by’igihe kirekire, umutekano w’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa ku isi uhura n’ibibazo bikomeye.

Nk’aho ari ihuriro ry’ingenzi ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ibyambu bizwi nka Shanghai, Ningbo, Singapuru, Los Angeles/Long Beach, Antwerp, na Rotterdam nibyo byabanje kwibasirwa n’ingaruka zabyo, kandi ingaruka z’ubwinshi bw’amazi zageze mu turere twinshi.

Amakuru agaragaza ko Uburayi bwabaye agace kagizweho ingaruka zikomeye n’umubyigano w’ibyambu. Ku kibuga cya RWG cy’icyambu cya Rotterdam mu Buholandi, igihe cyo gutegereza amato amwe kugera aho ahagarara cyageze ku masaha 350.83 (hafi iminsi 14.6). Ku byambu by’ingenzi nka Hamburg Port mu Budage na Antwerp Port mu Bubiligi, bitewe n’ibura ry’abakozi n’inzira zo gusohoka mu cyambu zafunzwe, igihe cyo gutegereza amato kugera aho ahagarara muri rusange kirenga amasaha 40, aho amafaranga ntarengwa yo guhagarara ku munsi arenga amadolari 30.000 y’Amerika. Bitewe n’ikibazo cy’inyanja itukura, umubare munini w’amato wahatiwe kuzenguruka Cape of Good Hope muri Afurika, byongera urugendo ku minsi 14 ugereranije n’inzira yabanje, ibyo bikaba byararushijeho kongera umutwaro w’ibikorwa by’ibyambu by’i Burayi. Amasosiyete akomeye yo gutwara indege nka Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) yashyizeho imisoro y’inyongera ku nzira zo muri Aziya-Uburayi, aho ibiciro by’imizigo ku nzira zimwe na zimwe byiyongereyeho 73%.

Ikibazo cy’umubyigano muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru nacyo ni kibi. Nk’aho ari uturere dukomeye ku nkombe y’uburengerazuba bwa Amerika, icyambu cya Los Angeles n’icyambu cya Long Beach bikunze kubona amato ategereje guhagarara iminsi irenga 7 mu bihe by’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibi byambu bibiri, bicunga ibicuruzwa birenga 40% by’ibicuruzwa biva muri Amerika, byagiye bihura n’ibibazo by’umubyigano ukabije bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bwa gari ya moshi ndetse n’imikoranire mibi n’ubwikorezi bw’imbere mu gihugu. Igihe cyo gufunga gari ya moshi ku byambu nka Vancouver na Montreal muri Kanada cyageze ku minsi 9, bibangamira cyane imikorere y’imizigo.

Ibyambu byo muri Aziya, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, no muri Afurika nabyo bihura n’ibibazo by’ubucucike bw’ibintu bifite imiterere itandukanye. Bishingiye ku bikorwa remezo bishaje n’ubushobozi buke bwo kugabanya ibicuruzwa, ibyambu nka Mumbai na Chennai mu Buhinde biracyafite amato ategereje iminsi irenga 7 ndetse no mu bihe bitari iby’umuvuduko. Ku cyambu cya Durban muri Afurika y’Epfo na Lagos muri Nijeriya, ubushobozi buke bwo gufunga imizigo yo gutwara ibicuruzwa bwatumye habaho iminsi 7 kugeza kuri 17 yo gufunga imizigo yo gutwara ibicuruzwa ku byambu byo muri Afurika. Igihe cy’ubucucike ku mato ku cyambu cya Chittagong muri Bangladesh ni iminsi 6 kugeza kuri 9, kandi ibikorwa byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga birabangamiwe cyane n’imbogamizi zo gukoresha neza ibicuruzwa.

Ibintu bya muntu byarushijeho kongera ingaruka z’umubyigano. Vuba aha, imyigaragambyo yo ku cyambu cya Rotterdam, muri Porutugali na Megizike yabangamiye mu buryo butaziguye umusaruro, mu gihe imyigaragambyo iri kubera mu gihugu hose mu Bubiligi ishobora kongera umubyigano ku cyambu cya Antwerp.

Kutamenya neza uburyo inzira zifatwa byagize ingaruka ku kibazo cy’ubucucike bw’imodoka mu gihe kizaza. Kuri ubu, ntibirasobanuka neza niba amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi azareka inzira ikikije Cape of Good Hope n’igihe azareka. Ariko, muri rusange inganda zizera ko niba amato menshi asubiye mu nzira gakondo ya Suez Canal, nubwo bizagabanya igihe cyo gutwara no kugabanya igihe cyo kuhagera kw’amato ku giti cyayo, bishobora gutuma amato yari atatanye ateranira ku byambu, bigashyira igitutu kinini ku bice byari biremereye cyane mu Burayi no muri Aziya.

Ubucucike bw’ibyambu ku isi buterwa n’ibintu byinshi bihurirana: ubwiyongere bw’umubare w’imizigo buterwa n’igihe cy’ubucuruzi ku isi bwarenze ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa bwa bimwe mu byambu; ibikorwa remezo bishaje n’imikorere idahagije mu byambu bimwe na bimwe byatumye habaho imikorere mike; inzira zinyuramo ziterwa n’amakimbirane ya politiki y’isi zashyize ibyambu mu bikorwa byinshi; hamwe n’ingaruka z’ibibazo byihutirwa nk’ibura ry’abakozi n’ikirere gikabije, amaherezo birema uruhererekane rubi rw’ “gushyira amato ku murongo – gusigara inyuma kw’imyanya – kugabanuka k’ubushobozi”.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko nubwo igihe cyo gutegereza amato ku byambu bimwe na bimwe cyagabanutse mu byumweru bishize, ibi ahanini biterwa no kugabanuka buhoro buhoro kw’ibikenewe mu gutwara indege aho kuba iterambere rikomeye mu mikorere y’ibyambu. Imikorere rusange y’ibyambu iracyahungabanye cyane. Muri uyu mwaka, urwego rw’amato ahagaze ku byambu byinshi rwageze ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane, kandi ubwinshi bw’amato bushobora gukomeza kwangirika umwaka utaha, cyane cyane niba amato yose hamwe asubiye mu nzira ya Suez Canal.

Mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy’umubyigano ukabije, amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi n’abatwara ibicuruzwa barimo guhindura ingamba zabo zo guhangana n’ibibazo, harimo guhindura inzira zo kunyuramo, gutegura inzira zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu gihe kitari icy’umubyigano, gushyiraho ububiko mu mahanga, no gukoresha uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu buryo butandukanye nka “ubwikorezi hagati ya gari ya moshi yo mu mazi” kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago. Inganda ziteganya ko hamwe no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu gihe cya Noheli y’i Burayi n’Amerika, hamwe no guhindura ubushobozi bw’ibyambu bimwe na bimwe mu gihe cyo guhindura imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga, igitutu cy’umubyigano w’ibyambu ku isi gishobora kumara kugeza mu ntangiriro za 2026, kandi ikiguzi cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa kizakomeza kuba ku rwego rwo hejuru. Umubyigano w’ibyambu nta gushidikanya wabaye kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye mu mikorere y’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa ku isi.

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